Database Description

Microarray Data and other Gene Expression Databases

RefEx (Reference Expression dataset; https://refex.dbcls.jp) is a web tool for browsing reference gene expression, which provides access to curated data from several other public databases, with expression levels in forty tissues measured by four well-established gene-expression quantification technologies. The web interface allows users to browse the expression profiles by the gene name, various types of IDs, chromosomal regions in genetic maps, gene family based on InterPro, gene expression patterns, or biological categories based on Gene Ontology, and to compare expression profiles by different methods at a glance.

RefEx provides suitable datasets as a reference for gene expression data from 40 normal human, mouse, and rat tissues and cells. Forty tissues were selected based on the experience gained while constructing the bodymap database. The 40 tissues are classified into 10 groups (i.e., brain, blood, connective, reproductive, muscular, alimentary, liver, lung, urinary, and endo/exocrine). These groupings are mainly used for the abstraction of the gene expression profiles in the summary view and the inference of gene functions by the gene expression profiles. The following four different measurement strategies were used in our collected gene expression data: ESTs, Affymetrix GeneChip, CAGE, and RNA-Seq. These four types of data were linked based on the NCBI gene IDs in the dataset in RefEx.

・Reference of gene expression in normal organs throughout the body
By showing in parallel with gene expression dataset in normal 40 organs (10 major groups) was obtained by four different experimental methods, you can make an intuitive comparison among gene expression values but also the methods. Users can examine the expression profiles of unfamiliar genes in normal tissues of the body, cells, and cell lines, from actual measurement data, rather than only from a description in a journal article. Recently, we incorporated CAGE data from the FANTOM5 project into RefEx. The FANTOM5 project is a broad atlas of gene expression for human and mouse. It is now possible to search against more than five hundred human samples, encompassing cell lines, primary cells, and adult and fetal tissues.
・Simple search interface for clear purposes
RefEx provides incremental search for gene name or gene symbol of your interests. Data in RefEx are also organized that can search for the group of genes belonging to a particular category such as "transcription factor" and "G-protein-coupled receptor". In addition, RefEx contains unique lists of genes with prominent expression patterns in a specific tissue relative to those in other tissues. The genes with tissue-specific expression patterns are calculated for all tissues using the ROKU method. Clicking on the tissue icons on the topof the RefEx page easily retrieves genes with tissue-specific expression patterns.
・Intuitive visualization for new knowledge discovery
The relative gene expression values are shown in RefEx as choropleth maps on 3D human body images from BodyParts3D. This type of visualization can help users to understand the differences in gene expression patterns among tissues more intuitively. In addition, users can add up to three genes to their list and compare these genes simultaneously. Users can compare all the detailed information about the genes in that list, including the expression data. This parallel comparison enables users to easily identify the differences among the genes. Therefore, RefEx is also useful as a tool for investigating the relationships of unknown genes found in gene expression analyses.
・A practical example of useful and reusable public data
The data in RefEx were manually collected by RefEx curators from public databases. Raw data from the public databases were re-organized and compared with and against each other. RefEx is freely available, not only for academic users, but also for for-profit users under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License). Under this unforced license, some users might prefer to download the data and analyze them locally with other softwares. To accomplish this, a user can download a concaten+E6ated version of all the data at the downloads page. The availability of such a reference dataset will be beneficial to biologists that wish to reuse this type of data for their own research.