PMID: 18031249,12527755,12871942,12514169,12796777,12791997 Nod1 and Nod2 detect distinct sub-structures from bacterial peptidoglycan. Whereas Nod2 detects MDP (muramyl dipeptide; MurNAc-L-Ala-D-isoGln), the largest peptidoglycan motif common to Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria , Nod1 senses meso-DAP (meso-diaminopimelic acid)-containing peptidoglycan , which is more commonly found in Gram-negative bacteria.

PMID: 18031249,16418290 In overexpression studies, CARD6 has been shown to bind RIP2, but affected Nod-dependent NF-kB activation only modestly

PMID: 18031249 The current model shows that the oligomerization of Nod proteins following peptidoglycan sensing results in the recruitment of RIP2 (receptor-interacting protein 2), also known as RICK [Rip-like interacting CLARP (caspase-like apoptosis-regulatory protein) kinase], which in turn interacts with the IKK [IkB (inhibitor of NF-kB) kinase] complex, the converging knot of common NF-kB-activating pathways, including TLR-, IL-1- and TNF (tumour necrosis factor)-mediated signalling cascades.

PMID: 18031249 The current model shows that the oligomerization of Nod proteins following peptidoglycan sensing results in the recruitment of RIP2 (receptor-interacting protein 2), also known as RICK [Rip-like interacting CLARP (caspase-like apoptosis-regulatory protein) kinase], which in turn interacts with the IKK [IkB (inhibitor of NF-kB) kinase] complex, the converging knot of common NF-kB-activating pathways, including TLR-, IL-1- and TNF (tumour necrosis factor)-mediated signalling cascades.

PMID: 18031249 The current model shows that the oligomerization of Nod proteins following peptidoglycan sensing results in the recruitment of RIP2 (receptor-interacting protein 2), also known as RICK [Rip-like interacting CLARP (caspase-like apoptosis-regulatory protein) kinase], which in turn interacts with the IKK [IkB (inhibitor of NF-kB) kinase] complex, the converging knot of common NF-kB-activating pathways, including TLR-, IL-1- and TNF (tumour necrosis factor)-mediated signalling cascades.

PMID: 18031249 The current model shows that the oligomerization of Nod proteins following peptidoglycan sensing results in the recruitment of RIP2 (receptor-interacting protein 2), also known as RICK [Rip-like interacting CLARP (caspase-like apoptosis-regulatory protein) kinase], which in turn interacts with the IKK [IkB (inhibitor of NF-kB) kinase] complex, the converging knot of common NF-kB-activating pathways, including TLR-, IL-1- and TNF (tumour necrosis factor)-mediated signalling cascades.

PMID: 18031249,15075345 Similarly, overexpressed TAK1 [TGF (transforming growth factor)-b-activated kinase 1] and Nod2 have been shown to interact

PMID: 18031249,17420470,17435760 Two studies have found, using unbiased screens for identifying new Nod partners, that overexpressed Nod1 and Nod2 interact with SGT1 (suppressor of G2 allele of Skp1), a co-chaperone of HSP90 (heat-shock protein 90)

PMID: 18031249,17420470,17435760 Two studies have found, using unbiased screens for identifying new Nod partners, that overexpressed Nod1 and Nod2 interact with SGT1 (suppressor of G2 allele of Skp1), a co-chaperone of HSP90 (heat-shock protein 90)

PMID: 18031249,16203728,16714539 Two other studies have reported the interaction between Nod2 and Erbin, again relying on unbiased screens

PMID: 18031249,15753091 Finally, using a yeast two-hybrid screen, Barnich et al.identified GRIM-19 (gene associated with retinoid-interferon-induced mortality 19) as a Nod2-interacting protein that is important for Nod2-mediated responses

PMID: 18031249,12527755,12871942,12514169,12796777,12791997 Nod1 and Nod2 detect distinct sub-structures from bacterial peptidoglycan. Whereas Nod2 detects MDP (muramyl dipeptide; MurNAc-L-Ala-D-isoGln), the largest peptidoglycan motif common to Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria , Nod1 senses meso-DAP (meso-diaminopimelic acid)-containing peptidoglycan , which is more commonly found in Gram-negative bacteria.

PMID: 18031249,12813035,12671897 Nod1 seems to be more ubiquitously and constitutively expressed in this cell type than Nod2, even though several studies showed the up-regulation of Nod2 by TNFa and IFNg (interferon g) in epithelial cells

PMID: 18031249,12813035,12671897 Nod1 seems to be more ubiquitously and constitutively expressed in this cell type than Nod2, even though several studies showed the up-regulation of Nod2 by TNFa and IFNg (interferon g) in epithelial cells

PMID: 18031249,12813035,12671897 Nod1 seems to be more ubiquitously and constitutively expressed in this cell type than Nod2, even though several studies showed the up-regulation of Nod2 by TNFa and IFNg (interferon g) in epithelial cells

PMID: 18031249,12813035,12671897 Nod1 seems to be more ubiquitously and constitutively expressed in this cell type than Nod2, even though several studies showed the up-regulation of Nod2 by TNFa and IFNg (interferon g) in epithelial cells

PMID: 18031249,16513653 A recent study has demonstrated that Nod1 plays a key role in the induction of hBD-2 following infection of gastric cells with H. pylori PMID: 18031249,17521327 Similarly, sensing of C. jejuni by Nod1 was shown to induce hBD2 production, resulting in lowered bacterial colonization

PMID: 18031249,16513653 A recent study has demonstrated that Nod1 plays a key role in the induction of hBD-2 following infection of gastric cells with H. pylori PMID: 18031249,17521327 Similarly, sensing of C. jejuni by Nod1 was shown to induce hBD2 production, resulting in lowered bacterial colonization

PMID: 18031249,17579072 iNOS is induced after Nod1 stimulation in mesothelial cells in synergy with IFNg

PMID: 18031249,16211083,16585574,17579072 n primary macrophages, Nod1 and Nod2 pathways have been shown to induce the formation of NO

PMID: 18031249,16211083,16585574,17579072 In primary macrophages, Nod1 and Nod2 pathways have been shown to induce the formation of NO

PMID: 18031249,16021602 In human primary DCs, Nod ligands were shown to induce, in synergy with TLR ligands, increased expression of several co-stimulatory molecules, CD80, CD86 and CD40

PMID: 18031249,15521010 hPepT1 (human peptide transporter 1), a transmembrane transporter of di- or tri-peptides, has been shown to internalize MDP

PMID: 18031249,16021602 In human primary DCs, Nod ligands were shown to induce, in synergy with TLR ligands, increased expression of several co-stimulatory molecules, CD80, CD86 and CD40

PMID: 18031249,16021602 In human primary DCs, Nod ligands were shown to induce, in synergy with TLR ligands, increased expression of several co-stimulatory molecules, CD80, CD86 and CD40

PMID: 18031249,16021602 In human primary DCs, Nod ligands were shown to induce, in synergy with TLR ligands, increased expression of several co-stimulatory molecules, CD80, CD86 and CD40

PMID: 18031249,16021602 In human primary DCs, Nod ligands were shown to induce, in synergy with TLR ligands, increased expression of several co-stimulatory molecules, CD80, CD86 and CD40

PMID: 18031249,16021602 In human primary DCs, Nod ligands were shown to induce, in synergy with TLR ligands, increased expression of several co-stimulatory molecules, CD80, CD86 and CD40

PMID: 18031249,16021602 In human primary DCs, Nod ligands were shown to induce, in synergy with TLR ligands, increased expression of several co-stimulatory molecules, CD80, CD86 and CD40

PMID:18031249,16299289 Similarly, Nod and TLR ligands co-operate on DCs to trigger IL-12, a crucial cytokine in Th1 immunity

PMID:18031249,16299289 Similarly, Nod and TLR ligands co-operate on DCs to trigger IL-12, a crucial cytokine in Th1 immunity

PMID: 18031249,16552041,11463746,17420470 Nod1- and Nod2- dependent pathways also stimulate JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) and p38 MAPK

PMID: 18031249,16552041,11463746,17420470 Nod1- and Nod2- dependent pathways also stimulate JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) and p38 MAPK

PMID: 18031249,16552041 In addition, a direct interaction between Nod2 and NIK (NF-kB-inducing kinase) has been reported to trigger the p100/p52-dependent induction of the non-canonical NF-kB pathway in murine primary macrophages

PMID: 18031249,16552041,11463746,17420470 Nod1- and Nod2- dependent pathways also stimulate JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) and p38 MAPK

PMID: 18031249,16552041,11463746,17420470 Nod1- and Nod2- dependent pathways also stimulate JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) and p38 MAPK

PMID: 18031249,16552041 In addition, a direct interaction between Nod2 and NIK (NF-kB-inducing kinase) has been reported to trigger the p100/p52-dependent induction of the non-canonical NF-kB pathway in murine primary macrophages

PMID: 18031249 The current model shows that the oligomerization of Nod proteins following peptidoglycan sensing results in the recruitment of RIP2 (receptor-interacting protein 2), also known as RICK [Rip-like interacting CLARP (caspase-like apoptosis-regulatory protein) kinase], which in turn interacts with the IKK [IkB (inhibitor of NF-kB) kinase] complex, the converging knot of common NF-kB-activating pathways, including TLR-, IL-1- and TNF (tumour necrosis factor)-mediated signalling cascades.

PMID: 18031249 The current model shows that the oligomerization of Nod proteins following peptidoglycan sensing results in the recruitment of RIP2 (receptor-interacting protein 2), also known as RICK [Rip-like interacting CLARP (caspase-like apoptosis-regulatory protein) kinase], which in turn interacts with the IKK [IkB (inhibitor of NF-kB) kinase] complex, the converging knot of common NF-kB-activating pathways, including TLR-, IL-1- and TNF (tumour necrosis factor)-mediated signalling cascades.

PMID: 18031249 The current model shows that the oligomerization of Nod proteins following peptidoglycan sensing results in the recruitment of RIP2 (receptor-interacting protein 2), also known as RICK [Rip-like interacting CLARP (caspase-like apoptosis-regulatory protein) kinase], which in turn interacts with the IKK [IkB (inhibitor of NF-kB) kinase] complex, the converging knot of common NF-kB-activating pathways, including TLR-, IL-1- and TNF (tumour necrosis factor)-mediated signalling cascades.

PMID: 18031249 The current model shows that the oligomerization of Nod proteins following peptidoglycan sensing results in the recruitment of RIP2 (receptor-interacting protein 2), also known as RICK [Rip-like interacting CLARP (caspase-like apoptosis-regulatory protein) kinase], which in turn interacts with the IKK [IkB (inhibitor of NF-kB) kinase] complex, the converging knot of common NF-kB-activating pathways, including TLR-, IL-1- and TNF (tumour necrosis factor)-mediated signalling cascades.