PMID: 17223961 The first viral PRR to be proposed was PKR, an intracellular detector of dsRNA and polyinosinic?polycytdylic acid (poly(I:C) (a synthetic dsRNA widely used to mimic viral infection).

PMID: 17223961 A key function of PKR is to inhibit translation of host cell mRNA under conditions of viral invasion by phosphorylating the translation initiation factor eIF2alpha

PMID: 17223961 The five TIR adaptors, MyD88, Mal, TRIF, TRAM and SARM, are differentially utiilized by TLRs leading to different signalling specificities, Table3 PMID: 17223961 TRAM is uniquely utilized by TLR4 for both NF-KappaB and IRF3 activation, while Mal has been shown to have a role in NF-KappaB activation for both TLR4 and TLR2.

PMID: 17223961 The five TIR adaptors, MyD88, Mal, TRIF, TRAM and SARM, are differentially utiilized by TLRs leading to different signalling specificities, Table3 PMID: 17223961 TRAM is uniquely utilized by TLR4 for both NF-KappaB and IRF3 activation, while Mal has been shown to have a role in NF-KappaB activation for both TLR4 and TLR2. PMID: 17223961,12566418,15767367 A52 can interact with both TRAF6 and IRAK2 and inhibit TLR-induced NFKappaB activation, especially for TLR3 , while A46 can interact with human MyD88, Mal, TRIF and TRAM and thus inhibit both TLR-induced NF¦ÊB and IRF activation, although it has less of an effect on TLR3-induced NFKappaB activation than A52

PMID: 17223961 The five TIR adaptors, MyD88, Mal, TRIF, TRAM and SARM, are differentially utiilized by TLRs leading to different signalling specificities, Table3 PMID: 17223961,16932750 Importantly, TRIF is also the sole adaptor used by TLR3, leading to activation of IRF3, IRF7 and NFKappaB

PMID: 17223961 The five TIR adaptors, MyD88, Mal, TRIF, TRAM and SARM, are differentially utiilized by TLRs leading to different signalling specificities, Table3 PMID: 17223961,16932750 Importantly, TRIF is also the sole adaptor used by TLR3, leading to activation of IRF3, IRF7 and NFKappaB

PMID: 17223961 The five TIR adaptors, MyD88, Mal, TRIF, TRAM and SARM, are differentially utiilized by TLRs leading to different signalling specificities, Table3 PMID: 17223961,16932750 Importantly, TRIF is also the sole adaptor used by TLR3, leading to activation of IRF3, IRF7 and NFKappaB

PMID: 17223961 Table 3

PMID: 17223961 Table 3

PMID: 17223961 Table 3

PMID: 17223961 The first viral PRR to be proposed was PKR, an intracellular detector of dsRNA and polyinosinic?polycytdylic acid (poly(I:C) (a synthetic dsRNA widely used to mimic viral infection).

PMID: 17223961 Table 3

PMID: 17223961 Table 3

PMID: 17223961 Table 3

PMID: 17223961 Table 3

PMID: 17223961 Table 3 PMID: 17223961,15665823,16006187 It was shown originally to be essential for signalling to TLR-induced NFKappaB activation, but was also shown subsequently to be required for TLR-induced IRF5 activation, and for TLR7- and TLR9-induced IRF7 activation

PMID: 17223961 Table 3

PMID: 17223961 Table 3

PMID: 17223961 Table 3 PMID: 17223961,12566418,15767367 A52 can interact with both TRAF6 and IRAK2 and inhibit TLR-induced NFKappaB activation, especially for TLR3 , while A46 can interact with human MyD88, Mal, TRIF and TRAM and thus inhibit both TLR-induced NF¦ÊB and IRF activation, although it has less of an effect on TLR3-induced NFKappaB activation than A52

PMID: 17223961 Table 3

PMID: 17223961,17018642 Most recently it has been shown that in myeloid DCs, TLR9-induced IFN-¦Â, IL-12 and inducible macrophage type nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) is dependent on MyD88-mediated IRF1 activation

PMID: 17223961 A key function of PKR is to inhibit translation of host cell mRNA under conditions of viral invasion by phosphorylating the translation initiation factor eIF2alpha

PMID: 17223961,17018642 Most recently it has been shown that in myeloid DCs, TLR9-induced IFN-¦Â, IL-12 and inducible macrophage type nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) is dependent on MyD88-mediated IRF1 activation

PMID: 17223961,17018642 Most recently it has been shown that in myeloid DCs, TLR9-induced IFN-¦Â, IL-12 and inducible macrophage type nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) is dependent on MyD88-mediated IRF1 activation

PMID: 17223961 The five TIR adaptors, MyD88, Mal, TRIF, TRAM and SARM, are differentially utiilized by TLRs leading to different signalling specificities, Table3 PMID: 17223961,16932750 Importantly, TRIF is also the sole adaptor used by TLR3, leading to activation of IRF3, IRF7 and NFKappaB PMID: 17223961,12566418,15767367 A52 can interact with both TRAF6 and IRAK2 and inhibit TLR-induced NFKappaB activation, especially for TLR3 , while A46 can interact with human MyD88, Mal, TRIF and TRAM and thus inhibit both TLR-induced NF¦ÊB and IRF activation, although it has less of an effect on TLR3-induced NFKappaB activation than A52

PMID: 17223961 Table 3 PMID: 17223961,15665823,16006187 It was shown originally to be essential for signalling to TLR-induced NFKappaB activation, but was also shown subsequently to be required for TLR-induced IRF5 activation, and for TLR7- and TLR9-induced IRF7 activation

PMID: 17223961 Table 3

PMID: 17223961 Table 3

PMID: 17223961 Table 3

PMID: 17223961,17038589,17038590 These helicases were thought initially to detect viral dsRNA, although recently RIG-I has been shown to recognize uncapped 5¡ì-triphosphate viral ssRNA

PMID: 17223961,17038589,17038590 These helicases were thought initially to detect viral dsRNA, although recently RIG-I has been shown to recognize uncapped 5¡ì-triphosphate viral ssRNA

PMID: 17223961,16127453,16125763,16153868,16177806 RIG-I and Mda5 each contain two caspase-recruitment domains (CARDs) and signal through the same signalling adaptor molecule, IPS-1[also called mitochondrial anti-viral signalling protein (MAVS)], virus-induced signalling adapter (VISA)and CARD adapter inducing IFN-beta (CARDIF), leading to NFKappaB, IRF3 and IRF7 activation.