PMID: 16111629, 11607032, 14729660 TLR3 recognizes dsRNA derived from virus or host mRNA. PMID: 16111629 Overall, these new data strongly suggest that TLR3, TLR7, and TLR8 recognize ¡Èunmethylated RNA,¡É similar to TLR9 recognition of unmethylated CpG motifs in DNA. PMID: 16111629 Conversely, modification of stimulatory RNA with N6-methyaladanosine, which destabilizes RNA duplexes, abrogates TLR3-mediated immune activations.

PMID: 16111629 Currently known innate recognitions are shown in this graphic, including receptors, adaptors, signal transductions, and transcriptions.

PMID: 16111629 Currently known innate recognitions are shown in this graphic, including receptors, adaptors, signal transductions, and transcriptions.

PMID: 16111629 Currently known innate recognitions are shown in this graphic, including receptors, adaptors, signal transductions, and transcriptions.

PMID: 16111629 Currently known innate recognitions are shown in this graphic, including receptors, adaptors, signal transductions, and transcriptions.

PMID: 16111629 First, the authors observed that among natural RNA, lipofection of bacterial, but not mammalian, RNA (with an exception of mitochondrial RNA) activated human myeloid dendritic cells (DCs) to secrete TNFalpha.

PMID: 16111629 Synthetic ssRNAs of different sequences and lengths could activate TLR3-, TLR7-, and TLR8-expressing cells to secrete IL-8, an activity that was severely impaired when modified nucleosides such as N6-methyaladanosine, 5-methylcytidine, 2-thiouridine, or pseudouridine were introduced into the RNA.

PMID: 16111629 Synthetic ssRNAs of different sequences and lengths could activate TLR3-, TLR7-, and TLR8-expressing cells to secrete IL-8, an activity that was severely impaired when modified nucleosides such as N6-methyaladanosine, 5-methylcytidine, 2-thiouridine, or pseudouridine were introduced into the RNA.

PMID: 16111629 Synthetic ssRNAs of different sequences and lengths could activate TLR3-, TLR7-, and TLR8-expressing cells to secrete IL-8, an activity that was severely impaired when modified nucleosides such as N6-methyaladanosine, 5-methylcytidine, 2-thiouridine, or pseudouridine were introduced into the RNA.

PMID: 16111629 Synthetic ssRNAs of different sequences and lengths could activate TLR3-, TLR7-, and TLR8-expressing cells to secrete IL-8, an activity that was severely impaired when modified nucleosides such as N6-methyaladanosine, 5-methylcytidine, 2-thiouridine, or pseudouridine were introduced into the RNA.

PMID: 16111629 Synthetic ssRNAs of different sequences and lengths could activate TLR3-, TLR7-, and TLR8-expressing cells to secrete IL-8, an activity that was severely impaired when modified nucleosides such as N6-methyaladanosine, 5-methylcytidine, 2-thiouridine, or pseudouridine were introduced into the RNA.

PMID: 16111629, 14976262, 14976261 TLR7 and TLR8 have recently been shown to recognize viral or synthetic single-stranded (ss) RNA. PMID: 16111629 Overall, these new data strongly suggest that TLR3, TLR7, and TLR8 recognize ¡Èunmethylated RNA,¡É similar to TLR9 recognition of unmethylated CpG motifs in DNA. PMID: 16111629 Furthermore, N6-methyaladanosine, found in many viral RNAs, also diminishes TLR7- and TLR8-mediated RNA recognition, implying that such modification is ideal for viral evasion of TLR-mediated immune responses, as the authors discuss.

PMID: 16111629 Synthetic ssRNAs of different sequences and lengths could activate TLR3-, TLR7-, and TLR8-expressing cells to secrete IL-8, an activity that was severely impaired when modified nucleosides such as N6-methyaladanosine, 5-methylcytidine, 2-thiouridine, or pseudouridine were introduced into the RNA.

PMID: 16111629 Currently known innate recognitions are shown in this graphic, including receptors, adaptors, signal transductions, and transcriptions.

PMID: 16111629 Finally, unmodified, but not modified, RNA potently activated in vitro generated or freshly isolated human DCs, leading to production of IL-12 and IFNalpha as well as the enhanced expression of costimulatory molecules.

PMID: 16111629 Finally, unmodified, but not modified, RNA potently activated in vitro generated or freshly isolated human DCs, leading to production of IL-12 and IFNalpha as well as the enhanced expression of costimulatory molecules.

PMID: 16111629, 14976262, 14976261 TLR7 and TLR8 have recently been shown to recognize viral or synthetic single-stranded (ss) RNA. PMID: 16111629 Overall, these new data strongly suggest that TLR3, TLR7, and TLR8 recognize ¡Èunmethylated RNA,¡É similar to TLR9 recognition of unmethylated CpG motifs in DNA. PMID: 16111629 Furthermore, N6-methyaladanosine, found in many viral RNAs, also diminishes TLR7- and TLR8-mediated RNA recognition, implying that such modification is ideal for viral evasion of TLR-mediated immune responses, as the authors discuss.

PMID: 16111629 Overall, these new data strongly suggest that TLR3, TLR7, and TLR8 recognize ¡Èunmethylated RNA,¡É similar to TLR9 recognition of unmethylated CpG motifs in DNA.

PMID: 16111629 Currently known innate recognitions are shown in this graphic, including receptors, adaptors, signal transductions, and transcriptions.

PMID: 16111629 It will be of interest to learn whether such modifications of RNA have an impact on TLR-independent innate recognition of RNA within cells through molecules such as RIG-I and MDA-5 and, of course, what the physiological relevance of their findings is to infectious diseases as well as to immunological disorders associated with RNA-induced immunomodulation.

PMID: 16111629 It will be of interest to learn whether such modifications of RNA have an impact on TLR-independent innate recognition of RNA within cells through molecules such as RIG-I and MDA-5 and, of course, what the physiological relevance of their findings is to infectious diseases as well as to immunological disorders associated with RNA-induced immunomodulation.

PMID: 16111629, 14976262, 14976261 TLR7 and TLR8 have recently been shown to recognize viral or synthetic single-stranded (ss) RNA.

PMID: 16111629, 14976262, 14976261 TLR7 and TLR8 have recently been shown to recognize viral or synthetic single-stranded (ss) RNA.