PMID: 12960230, 12163382 We have recently reported that CNS perivascular macrophages that are productively infected with SIV also strongly express the proliferation cellular nuclear antigen (PCNA). PMID: 12960230, 12163382, 7522384 In our studies, we demonstrated that expression of PNCA correlates well with SIV RNA in the same cell and that the cells that are PCNA-positive are not undergoing significant, detectable cell proliferation but are more likely undergoing DNA repair, a process that might be induced by viral infection.

PMID: 12960230, 3276004, 8083615, 11596124 In addition to CD14 and CD45 markers used to differentiate between parenchymal microglia and perivascular macrophages, CD16, CD69, and human leukocyte antigen-DR are expressed on perivascular macrophages.

PMID: 12960230, 3276004, 8083615, 11596124 In addition to CD14 and CD45 markers used to differentiate between parenchymal microglia and perivascular macrophages, CD16, CD69, and human leukocyte antigen-DR are expressed on perivascular macrophages.

PMID: 12960230, 12163382, 7522384 In our studies, we demonstrated that expression of PNCA correlates well with SIV RNA in the same cell and that the cells that are PCNA-positive are not undergoing significant, detectable cell proliferation but are more likely undergoing DNA repair, a process that might be induced by viral infection.

PMID: 12960230 Our group and others have found similar PCNA expression in the BM of HIVinfected humans and SIV-infected rhesus macaques in monocyte/ macrophage populations that are infected with HIV or SIV. PMID: 12960230, 7522384, 8888951 The frequency of BM macrophages in HIV infected patients significantly increases, as does PCNA expression in these infected cells.

PMID: 12960230, 8145026, 9241535 In vitro, macrophage-CSF and HIV-envelope gp120 mimic this immune activation, resulting in increased CD16 expression on CD14-positive monocytes.

PMID: 12960230, 8145026, 9241535 In vitro, macrophage-CSF and HIV-envelope gp120 mimic this immune activation, resulting in increased CD16 expression on CD14-positive monocytes.

PMID: 12960230, 11704885, 7527738, 9731066 In addition, plasma and CSF levels of soluble CD14 (shed from activated monocytes) increase in HIV-infected patients and even more in patients with AIDS and dementia [45, 78, 87, 88], which indicates immune activation following HIV infection and AIDS and the potential usefulness of soluble CD14 levels to evaluate HIV dementia.

PMID: 12960230, 3276004, 8083615, 11596124 In addition to CD14 and CD45 markers used to differentiate between parenchymal microglia and perivascular macrophages, CD16, CD69, and human leukocyte antigen-DR are expressed on perivascular macrophages.

PMID: 12960230, 3276004, 8083615, 11596124 In addition to CD14 and CD45 markers used to differentiate between parenchymal microglia and perivascular macrophages, CD16, CD69, and human leukocyte antigen-DR are expressed on perivascular macrophages.

PMID: 12960230, 3276004, 8083615, 11596124 In addition to CD14 and CD45 markers used to differentiate between parenchymal microglia and perivascular macrophages, CD16, CD69, and human leukocyte antigen-DR are expressed on perivascular macrophages.